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80186 Microprocessors: Introduction and Architecture

Hello friends, today we are going to discuss the 80186 microprocessor with integrated peripherals. The Intel 80186 is an improved version of the 8086 microprocessor. 80186 is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit data bus and a 20-bit address bus. It has a programmable peripheral device integrated into the same package. The instruction set of the 80186 is a superset of the instruction set of the 8086. The term super-set means that all of the 8086 instructions will execute properly on an 80186, but the 80186 has a few additional instructions. The following figure shows the block diagram and pin diagram of 80186. The CPU is divided into seven independent functional parts. 80186 internal block diagram  80186 68-pins pin diagram  Functional parts of 80186 Microprocessor The Bus Interface Unit (BIU) Execution Unit (EU) Clock Generator Programmable interrupt controller Programmable Chip Select Unit (CSU) Programmable DMA Unit Programmable counter/timers The Bus Interface Unit ...
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Comparision of OSI and TCP/IP

We have already seen that the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model The OSI and TCP/IP reference models have much in similar such as,
Both are based on the concept of a stack of independent protocol.
The structure or the functionality of the layers is roughly similar.
Despite these fundamental similarities, the two models also have many differences these are as follows.
 
In OSI model three concepts are in central. 
      1.      Services: Each layer performs some services for the layer above it. It tells how the layer works. 
      2.      Interfaces: A layer’s interface tells the processes above it how to access it. It specifies what the parameters are and what results to expect. 
      3.      Protocols: The peer protocols used in a layer. It can use any protocols to provide the offered services. It can also change them without affecting software in higher layers.
These ideas fit with object-oriented programming an object like a layer.
The TCP/IP model did not distinguish between service, interface, and protocol. Only real services offered by the internet layer are SEND IP PACKET and RECEIVE IP PACKET.
The protocols in the OSI model are better hidden than in the TCP/IP model and can be replaced relatively easily as the technology changes.
The OSI model has seven layers and the TCP/IP has four layers. Both have network (Internet), transport, and application layers, but the other layers are different.
The OSI model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the network layer, but only connection-oriented communication in the transport layer because the transport service is visible to the users. The TCP/IP model has only one connectionless service in the network layer but supports both modes (connectionless and connection-oriented) in the transport layer, giving a users choice using simple request-response protocols.

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