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80186 Microprocessors: Introduction and Architecture

Hello friends, today we are going to discuss the 80186 microprocessor with integrated peripherals. The Intel 80186 is an improved version of the 8086 microprocessor. 80186 is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit data bus and a 20-bit address bus. It has a programmable peripheral device integrated into the same package. The instruction set of the 80186 is a superset of the instruction set of the 8086. The term super-set means that all of the 8086 instructions will execute properly on an 80186, but the 80186 has a few additional instructions. The following figure shows the block diagram and pin diagram of 80186. The CPU is divided into seven independent functional parts. 80186 internal block diagram  80186 68-pins pin diagram  Functional parts of 80186 Microprocessor The Bus Interface Unit (BIU) Execution Unit (EU) Clock Generator Programmable interrupt controller Programmable Chip Select Unit (CSU) Programmable DMA Unit Programmable counter/timers The Bus Interface Unit ...
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Basic Logic Gates AND, OR, NOT

A gate is an electronic two-state circuit which operates on one or
more input signals to produce an output signal. The signals are either low voltage (denotes 0) or high voltage (denotes 1). this is also called as logic gates. There are two types of logic gates. 

 1. Basic Logic Gates (AND, OR, NOT )
2. Derived logic Gates (NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR)

 In this post we will focus on basic logic gates and on next post we will discuss derived logic gates. There are mainly three basic gates will see one by one.

Basic logic Gates

NOT Gate (Inverter, Complement Gate)

An inverter is a gate with only one input signal and one output signal; the output state is always the opposite of the input state. It is also called as NOT Gate because the output is not the same as the input. It is always a complement (opposite ) value of the input. NOT operation is always represented by either \[\overline{X}=o\] or X1. The symbolic representation and truth table are as follows.

Symbol and Truth table of Not Gate
Symbol and truth table of NOT gate

OR gate  

The or gate is having two or more inputs and only one output. If anyone of the input signal is high (1) the output signal is high (1). And if all inputs are low (0) then output is low (0).  OR operation represented the symbol “ + “. The symbolic representation and the truth table for two inputs and three inputs are as follows.

Symbol and Truth table of OR Gate
2 input OR gate
3-Input OR Gate
3 input OR gate symbol and truth table

AND Gate 

AND Gate is also having two or more input signals and only one output signal. When anyone input is low (0), the output is low (0) and when all inputs are high (1), then the output is high (1). AND operation represented by the symbol “ .”.  Symbolic representation and truth table are as follows.

Symbol and Truth table of AND Gate
2 input AND gate
3-Input AND Gate
3 input AND gate

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