Radio Transmission

Radio waves are easy to generate, can travel long distances, and penetrate buildings easily, so they are widely used for indoor and outdoor communication.

Radio waves also are omnidirectional, means they can travel in all directions from the source. The radio waves are frequency dependent, at low frequencies radio waves pass through obstacles well, such as VLF, LF, MF bands; radio waves follow the ground, as shown in fig.
At high frequencies radio waves tend to travel in straight lines such as HF and VHF bands, the waves that reach the ionosphere, a layer of charged particles circling the earth at a height of 100 to 500 km, are refracted by it and sent back to earth. They are also absorbed by rain but under certain atmospheric conditions, the signals may bounce several times.

At all frequencies radio waves to interference from motors and other electrical equipment.

AM radio broadcasting uses the MF band, which passes easily through buildings, that’s why this is portable radios work indoors.

Due to radio’s ability to travel long distances, but interference is a problem and that’s why all governments gives the user of radio transmitter’s license.

For data communication, these bands offer relatively low bandwidth.

Fig. (a) IN the VLF, VF, and MF bands, radio waves follow the curvature of the earth. (b) In the HF they bounce off the ionosphere.

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